Does stair climbing reduce hips and thighs. It usually causes hip pain. Does stair climbing reduce hips and thighs

 
 It usually causes hip painDoes stair climbing reduce hips and thighs  Start at the bottom of your staircase with your feet slightly wider than hip-width apart

It targets all of the trouble spots on your body, including your legs. Goblet squats. 2. Pain increasing with exercise such as periods of walking, standing or running. For this exercise, you need to sit on the floor by taking the support of a solid surface like a gym bench. Stair climbing exercise can quickly burn calories. Always use proper form when climbing stairs – don’t rely on momentum. Low Impact Workout: You don’t have to ideally sweat it out while. Place your foot flat on the surface of the stair when stepping up, with the weight on the inner side of your foot and your big toe. The contribution of the surgical and nonsurgical limb totals 1. Along with these benefits is the immense good it does for your lungs and cardio vascular system. For example, you could sprint up the stairs for 30 seconds and then walk or jog down for 30 seconds. Burg. Stair-climbing exercises engage more muscles than walking, jogging or running on flat terrain, Hunt says. The stair climber is an effective and efficient tool for either adding more muscle around your abdomen or losing extra fat in that area. Stair climbing exercise can quickly burn calories. When combined, the two can provide an intense heart-rate-raising cardio session that burns calories and tones the muscles in your lower body — especially your butt. Mild pain and pulling in the front of the hip. Our Picks for the Best Stair Climber Machines: Best Overall Stair Climber: Sole Fitness CC81. Begin at the bottom of the stairs, on your arms and legs. 5 Monotonous. Bend your standing leg as you. Step 1: Stand tall on the floor with your spine erect and your feet hip-width apart. 3. Targeting the glutes, this is possibly the best exercise to add flexibility to your hips. ) Hold the position for 60 seconds. However, it’s important to follow a gradual progression when starting to climb stairs post-surgery. Pro tip: To add challenge, sink into a squat while moving laterally. swing, antagonistic muscles spanning the hip, knee, and ankle joints distributed power from the leg to the remaining body segments. Now that you're thoroughly warmed up, it's time to hit the stairs: Run up and down the bleachers twice. the stair stepper can strengthen joints and reduce joint pain, whereas treadmills put stress on them. person walking at 3. Perform 25 squats. Lumbar radicular pain. The goal of hip arthritis treatment is to relieve pain and maintain the function of the hip. How many stairs should I climb a day to lose weight? If a flight of stairs has 20 steps, you can burn calories by climbing up and down. 05) increased in both groups. Does stair stepper work legs?Stair steppers provide an aerobic workout by allowing you to push independent foot pedals up and down or to climb a rotating staircase. Aim for power workouts, 25 to 30 minutes max, where you max out your reps, burn those muscles and really get your heart rate up. Does the stepper count as cardio? Can a mini stepper build muscle? How many calories lost with a stepper? Which muscles does the stepper work? Is the stair stepper good for legs? Do stair steppers work? Does stair climbing reduce hips and thighs? How many steps should you take a day to lose 2 pounds a week? How can I lose 2 lbs a week? 1 What Are The Disadvantages of Climbing Stairs? 2 Disadvantages of Climbing Stairs. Improve Your Strength. First, it is important to warm up the muscles before attempting to climb stairs. Focus on keeping hips and chest squared to front wall while moving laterally. The theory is that by targeting certain muscles, you can lose fat in those areas. 2. This type of exercise can increase the strength of the leg, thigh and hip muscles while also toning the abdominal muscles. Wrap an ice pack or a bag of frozen vegetables in a towel to ice your hip. Of course, it could even be more. ACV contains essential enzymes and minerals like calcium, magnesium, and potassium. In addition to increasing upper-leg strength and improving thigh-muscle tone, stair steppers work a variety of other muscles. Muscles that Extend the Hip. When you run or walk, your body undergoes horizontal motion as opposed to the vertical motion, while stair climbing. That being said, that we still find an. As running, deep knee bends, squats or climbing stairs increases the stress on the knee, the pain gets worse. It usually causes hip pain. Gluteus Maximus. “Injections can bring long-lasting and sometimes permanent relief,” says Dr. Pain sitting with your legs crossed. These muscles support and stabilize your legs when walking, climbing stairs, and standing up. However, there have been interesting studies done that now suggest that even 10 minutes a day of exercise like stair climbing may be just as effective. Another cause is. If you’re just starting out, begin with level 1 (the easiest) and slowly progress to level 3 (the hardest). 69 (0. Hip dysplasia is not a congenital defect; it is not present at birth. The most common symptom of peripheral vascular disease in the legs is pain in one or both calves, thighs, or hips. Your leg and hip muscles help move your joints in a variety of ways. Myositis. 27, 3. In general, a person can burn 500 calories by running on the stairs for 30 minutes. 15 minutes of stair climbing equates 45 minutes of brisk walking. Gently lower your left knee to the floor. The walking and stair-climbing group also performed stair climbing. Along with these benefits is the immense good it does for your lungs and cardio vascular. person can burn up to 986 calories, significantly more calories than from jogging or using a stair climber. The prevalence of symptomatic hip OA is 4. The same warning about putting too much weight on the machine applies for the leg press machine as well. 4 Not A Full-Body Workout. How long does it take to see results from stair stepper? If you combine stair climbing with a healthy diet, you can see some weight loss within two to four weeks. Stair crawl. A dog with a thorn in a back paw will also be lame, and it’s nothing to do with their hip. 2. Your gluteus maximus, in your buttocks, and adductor magnus extend your hips. Along with these benefits is the immense good it does for your lungs and cardio vascular. Stair climbing lights up your lower body in all the right places. Make climbing stairs and moving around and up and over obstacles safer and easier with a variety of step-up exercises provided by physical therapists from the American Physical Therapy Association. Repeat three times for each side. Try to take each step with the toes up, weight on the balls of the foot, pushing through the leg. Advertisement. The stepping motion forces the gluteal muscles of your buttocks and hips to contract repeatedly, and your calf muscles -- including the gastrocnemius and soleus -- get a piece of the action, as well. Climbing the stairs is an easily accessible activity that fires and firms your glutes. The physical action of climbing stairs has a specific effect on the muscles in your hip area, and a stair stepper machine is designed to give you just that type of exercise. Does climbing stairs reduce hips? Stair climbing is a low-impact, high-intensity exercise that can really get your heart pumping. Fitting the Legs of a Harness. "Stair climbing is an excellent form of overall exercise for older adults because. There are some simple things we could do to reduce the incidence of hip dysplasia now if we understand a few basic things. A climbing workout can take place on either a vertical climbing machine or a stairstepper. As a result, your legs will become stronger and enhances your movement. Stairs Climbing. Hip thrust. Easily one of the best butt workout machines, the leg press allows you to get your glutes and legs into a unique position that isn’t possible on cardio machines such as the treadmill. [15] This exercise helps tone your lower body but especially targets your hips and thighs. Stand with feet shoulder-width apart, holding the dumbbell or kettlebell at chest-height with both hands. 1) Maintain Good Posture. Hip CAR. How much weight can I lose by climbing stairs? If an average flight of stairs has about 20 steps, you burn 15 calories climbing up, and 5 calories climbing down. It's also an effective source of. Also, a. 35 to 40 minutes should include a great warm up and an extremely important cool down. Is Climbing stairs for 30 minutes good? The study shows that intense bursts of exercise for a short period of time can have a positive effect on one’s heart health. 1. Pain when standing on the affected leg (sometimes called hanging on the hip) Pain when climbing stairsClimbing stairs is one of the best exercises when it comes to pure FAT BURN, strengthening the lower body, toning the butt, thighs, calves, losing inches from those love handles and belly and building great abs. Does Stair Climbing Reduce Thighs. Does stair climbing reduce hips and thighs? It can burn a lot of calories if you climb the stairs, but you won’t see a drop in your thigh circumference. Stair climbing can also aid in the development of lower-body muscular mass. The Basics . Additionally, because stair climbing is a weight-bearing exercise, it can also help improve bone density and reduce the risk of osteoporosis. Try Climbing More Stairs: Do you want to get flawless hips and thighs? If yes, then let us tell you that stair climbing is one of the best exercises you can do to get a curvier look. A stair climber gives you a powerful lower-body workout, building stronger muscles in your legs, hips and core. The stair climber, or otherwise known as the stair stepper machine or the Stairmaster, is a type of cardio involving exercise equipment that simulates the act of climbing stairs. 7. Focusing on fruits and vegetables, whole grains and lean, high-quality protein sources can do a lot to help slim down your thighs. Stair stepper machines work a range of muscle groups, primarily in the lower body. Repeat with the other leg. A person can. Squat Exercises to Reduce Thigh Fat Sumo squats. Some people will loosen their leg loops when they’re not climbing as it gives greater flexibility. Climbing stairs is one of the best exercises when it comes to pure FAT BURN, strengthening the lower body, toning the butt, thighs, calves, losing inches from those love handles and belly and building great abs. Along with these benefits is the immense good it does for your lungs and cardio vascular system. Over time, this persistent inflammation weakens muscles, often resulting in muscle aches, pain, and fatigue. Gluteus Maximus. How To Climb Stairs With Knee Pain One Step At A Time. Stair climbing mimics the muscles you use when you push down on the pedals during a cycling workout, engaging your core and improving pedaling power and strength. Stair-climbing assistance reduced NOC and THB by 9. It also works the hip flexors, activated when lifting the legs. 2° for the thigh and 17. Pain in the hip/thigh/buttock area. Repeat 50 times. It works all of your hip and leg muscles, including the hip flexors, adductors and abductors, plus the quadriceps, hamstrings, glutes and calves. On the inner side of your thighs, there are the hip adductors which include the adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, gracilis, and pectineus. This is especially important as you get older, because natural bone loss tends to increase as you age. John’s. Extra body weight pushes down harder on. Knee pain relief: Strengthening the knee through climbing stairs can help reduce pressure on joints, reducing pain in the case of osteoarthritis. Climbing stairs does not reduce hips, according to a study published in the journal “Joint Research. At toe-off, or 0% stride, the sound side for the 4-in stairs experiences some initial flexion of −8. Does Walking Reduce Hips And Thighs. Thigh pain that is severe accompanied by high fever, chills, and spreading redness. Lower as far as comfortable or until your back knee almost touches the floor and your front thigh is parallel with the floor. 100 floors on stairmaster. 1. Both of these large muscle groups get a workout when you climb stairs. 3. In addition to your legs, it also targets all of those trouble spots; your bum,. 6. 1. Slide your body forward until you feel a slight pull in the front of your hip and thigh of the leg that is on the floor. Video of the Day Tip This means that it does not exert as much force on your ankles, knees, and hips, which can help them stay healthy over time. Thigh pain that is severe accompanied by high fever, chills, and spreading redness. In addition, as stair walking progresses, the body is lifted at the same time as it is moved horizontally 5). 2. Photo: pasja1000. Along with these benefits is the immense good it does for your lungs and cardio vascular system. When combined with proper diet, step climbing reduces excess body fat and body weight, resulting in thinner thighs. There is much debate surrounding the benefits and drawbacks of stair climbing, but one topic that is often forgotten is the potential harm that can be caused to hips. There are some simple things we could do to reduce the incidence of hip dysplasia now if we understand a few basic things. To burn more belly fat using a step climber, avoid leaning in or drooping over the Stairmaster. Climbing stairs with a stair climber or climbing a flight of stairs will exercise your body’s largest muscle groups, specifically, your gluteal muscles. Step climbing, whether climbing stairs or training on a stair climbing machine, is a high-intensity exercise that has a low-impact effect on lower body joints. 700-1000 calories. To target your hips, make sure to include the resistance exercises mentioned above, as well as: wall sits. 15 s (95% CI 0. It’s a great way to strengthen and tone your legs – from your calves to your butt usually without the impact commonly associated with jogging, running or sprinting. Move the hips back, tighten your glutes and legs, and slowly stand back up. 100 floors on stairmaster. Bones are living tissue, and climbing stairs helps increase bone mass. Piriformis syndrome symptoms may remain constant throughout the day or flare with physical activities that include movements of the hip and legs, such as sitting, walking, climbing stairs, and. Burn excess fat: Climbing stairs is also a form of exercise that helps burn excess fat and increases muscles such as leg muscles, thigh muscles, hip muscles, toning abdominal muscles. In addition to your legs, it also targets all of those trouble spots; your bum, tums, thighs and hips. Here’s how. 05) increased in both groups. Stair-climbing exercises engage more muscles than walking, jogging or running on flat terrain, Hunt says. According to Harvard Health Publishing, two large. When combined with proper diet, step climbing reduces excess body fat and body weight, resulting in thinner thighs. Stairmaster level 10. Stairs provide a great opportunity to work and stretch the muscles and ligaments surrounding the hip, including the glutes, quadriceps, and hip flexors. Soft exosuits are an emerging class of robots that have been shown to significantly reduce the metabolic cost of daily human movement. The body will become stronger when excess fat around the breast is. Does climbing stairs tone your bum? Stair climbing activates your core muscles in your legs, such as your hamstrings, quads, calves and gluts. This type of exercise can increase the strength of the leg, thigh and hip muscles while also toning the abdominal muscles. 300-450 calories. Studies show that climbing the stairs is better for your health than climbing the stair climber. Step climbing, whether climbing stairs or training on a stair climbing machine, is a high-intensity exercise that has a low-impact effect on lower body joints. This exercise is among the quickest ways to burn calories. Fitness levels and aerobic capacities are higher in stair climbers who are active. Stair climbing shows a compensatory pattern of augmented pelvic axial rotation and augmented peak forward tilt to reduce painful hip motions, namely internal rotation and extension. sensory-motor mechanisms and to identify older adults at high risk of falls in order to intervene in these risks and reduce stair climbing falls and injuries. Stair climbing requires between 8 and 11 kcal of energy per minute, which is more than other moderate-intensity physical activities. Along with these benefits is the immense good it does for your lungs and cardio vascular system. One 2021 study found that daily stair climbing can help reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome,. Along with these benefits is the immense good it does for your lungs and cardio vascular. Hip extension is a major component in walking up stairs. Problems walking, running, exercising, or getting up from a chair. Does stair climbing reduce hips and thighs? Stair climbing is a great way to get in shape. 550-650 calories per hour. 6 It Is Problem For People With Over-Weight. 5 Monotonous. Stair climbing shows a compensatory pattern of augmented pelvic axial rotation and augmented peak forward tilt to reduce painful hip motions, namely internal rotation and extension. Weight-bearing aerobic activities involve doing aerobic exercise on your feet, with your bones supporting your weight. Stair climbing increases leg power and may be an important priority to reduce the risk of injury from falls in the elderly. Climbing stairs is one of the best exercises when it comes to pure FAT BURN, strengthening the lower body, toning the butt, thighs, calves, losing inches from those love handles and belly and building great abs. Time 1 Min. Don’t let your hips drop. Does climbing stairs reduce hips? Stair climbing is a low-impact, high-intensity exercise that can really get your heart pumping. The top of the thigh muscle may budge. Carrying heavier items can burn more calories if you go at a fast pace. Another cause is. It also targets all of the trouble spots on your body, including your legs. Cable Pulley Machine. When combined with proper diet, step climbing reduces excess body fat and body weight, resulting in thinner thighs . Doing exercises to strengthen your thighs can help stabilize your hip joint and protect. two days of good cardio, two days of light workout which includes climbing stairs, skipping, and walking 10,000 steps. Repeat for 6-10 steps in one direction, and then back with the other. Trochanteric Bursa is a large slippery fluid-filled sac that separates the greater trochanter from the hip, muscles and tendons of the thigh and buttock. While climbing stairs, your hips and your knees are bent and extended utilizing many muscle groups, primarily your quadriceps, the front of your thighs and buttocks. Start off with an easy 2-minute warmup, then start with intervals of 30 seconds of fast-paced climbing, followed by 30 seconds at your regular pace. Video of the Day. I work out 5x a week at the gym lifting weights, doing the elliptical, treadmill, stair climber, bike, etc. 2. For non-runners, brisk walking to the top is still useful. With the support of your shoulders and feet, you need to thrust your hips upward and lift yourself up. Along with these benefits is the immense good it does for your lungs and cardio vascular system. The gluteus maximus is the biggest muscle in your body, and the gluteal muscle group, is also known as your buttocks. You can use resistance bands in almost any workout. Repeat 50 times. Because taking the stairs requires balancing on one leg and changing levels all at once, your core, lower back, and small muscles in your ankles and hips will fight to. It works all of your hip and leg muscles, including the hip flexors, adductors and abductors, plus the quadriceps, hamstrings, glutes and calves. Does stair-climbing reduce hips and thighs? How many flights of stairs is good exercise? How many floors a. Believe it or not, you don’t have to go to the spa or the. Decreases Risk Of Mortality: Stair climbing reduces your resting heart rate, decreases bad cholesterol, and lowers the mortality risk. However, most soft exosuits are currently being studied for walking and running, and relatively minor research has been carried out on exosuits for stair climbing. In case you feel too tired while climbing stairs, feel out of breath, dizzy or uncomfortable, sit down and rest for some time. sensory-motor mechanisms and to identify older adults at high risk of falls in order to intervene in these risks and reduce stair climbing falls and injuries. One-year increase in age was associated with 0. Hold for three seconds at the top, then lower your hips back down. Hip Power II was held between the knees to measure adductor muscles strength. Stair climbing is great for toning and sculpting your lower body. 2. It helps strengthen and shape our most common problem areas like calves, thighs, buttocks and tummy. Finish with 25 v-sit pull-ins. Regulates Blood Pressure: Climbing stairs helps unclog the arteries. 1. Running stairs provides an intense calorie burn, torching up to 885 calories per hour for a 130-pound person. Does climbing stairs reduce breast size? If you want to reduce the size of the breast, climbing stairs is a good way to do it. (4) Return to a standing position. This will reduce the work done by the hip and thigh muscles and help you. Use 2 Crutches/Sticks. Stair climbing, either in buildings or on stair machines, is another excellent form of aerobic exercise. The whiskering on the thigh area of the jeans will only draw attention to your thighs. 5 to 5 calories per flight of stairs. It would seem logical that an activity like running, which engages the hip flexors, extenders and rotators would burn fat from your hips. 8. Inhale and sweep your arms above your head, holding. Does stair climbing make your bum bigger? Walking stairs increase the strength of your thighs. Does stair-climbing reduce hips and thighs? Stair climbing can help tone and sculpt your lower body, reducing hips, thighs andbums. 5 to 5 calories per flight of stairs. com Is climbing stairs better than. Banded fire hydrant. Climbing stairs is great for your legs. 0 mph, he can burn up to 584 calories. It usually develops slowly over time with symptoms that range in severity. 5. 05 calories, respectively. person can burn up to 986 calories, significantly more calories than from jogging or using a stair climber. Stair walking also reduces stability by increasing head and neck movements 6). The glute muscles are located at your buttocks, and they are one of the strongest muscles in your body. Repeat three to five. Climbing stairs can help burn calories and fat, slimming the padding around your hips, butt and thighs, according to MSN Healthy Living. Ready Set GoThe proper way to walk up stairs with a cane involves using the stronger leg first, followed by the cane, and the weaker leg last. Place a resistance band around your thighs or knees and jump one step at a time. Kicking. Climbing stairs is low impact so it's relatively easy on your feet, ankles, knees and hips — ideal if you are overweight or have joint issues normally made worse by high-impact activities like running or jumping. g. Stair crawl. Maintaining a healthy body weight can be achieved with the help of stair climbing. Pain, swelling, and stiffness are the primary symptoms of arthritis. Here are the 10 most important things you need to know. Short, crisp, and effective—climbing stairs is a science-backed way to lose weight. If you burn calories through exercise, you will lose weight and have less fat on your hips. In addition to your legs, it also targets all of those trouble spots; your bum, tums, thighs and hips. Does stair climbing reduce hips and thighs – (Image Source: Pixabay. There is a greater demand placed on your body to walk uphill, which increases your heart rate and burns more calories. They increase your cardiovascular fitness and burn lots of calories. being aware of portion size. It usually develops slowly over time with symptoms that range in severity. person walking at 3. Musculoskeletal pain can occur suddenly or can build up and get worse over time. Avoid horizontal stripes as they can make you look wider and draw the eyes side to side, right onto your thighs. You are working your lower body with variable resistance rapid repetition style of training that moves your legs through a complete range of motion. Try Climbing More Stairs: Do you want to get flawless hips and thighs? If yes, then let us tell you that stair climbing is one of the best exercises you can do to get a curvier look. Using your hand, gently push your knee downward. Incline walking blasts more calories than walking on flat ground. With attached belts holding legs, abductor muscles strength was measured. The cable pulley is one of the best gym machines for glutes because it’s so versatile. The number of calories burned on the stairs depends on your weight, speed on the stairs, and load you’re carrying. And if we take into consideration the mechanical factor for appearing and progression of degenerative joint disease, it is clear that damage to. Weakness in the legs; Leg numbness; Coldness in the lower leg; Weak pulse in the legs or feet; Shiny in on the legs; Slow growing toenails; Erectile dysfunction; Slow hair growth in the legs; Changes in the skin colour in the legs; Painful cramping in the legs after climbing stairs; Sores and ulcers on the feet and legs that do not heal easily It works all of your hip and leg muscles, including the hip flexors, adductors and abductors, plus the quadriceps, hamstrings, glutes and calves. With the support of your shoulders and feet, you need to thrust your hips upward and lift yourself up. (Photo: Juliet Hammer) Step-climbing boosts strength and muscle tone in the butt and upper legs. Climbing the stairs burns about the same amount of calories per minute as swimming, jumping rope or jogging. 6. As you launch into the deadpoint from the bottom of your sag, create maximal force by pushing with the legs and extending the hips back into the wall, in the desired direction of travel. Thigh pain with redness, swelling, and warmth of your skin. Therefore, stair walking requires more frequent muscle activities and a higher level of balance control than just walking on the ground. Your ability to climb a flight of stairs is one of the great markers of health. Setting the Tone. Stair climbing can be accumulated across the course of the day, making a significant contribution to the recommended 30 minutes of daily physical activity. Your lower body includes your hips, thighs, and legs. Lastly, the stair climber also works the heart and cardiovascular system. The outer foot can be stronger for many people; however, putting too much of your weight on the outside can throw your knee out of alignment. "Effects of Stair-Climbing vs Run Training on Treadmill and Track Running Performance. Enjoy the benefits of taking the stairs everyday: No special equipment is needed. Common signs and symptoms associated with hip bursitis include pain at the point of the hip and the outside aspect of the thigh, pain in the affected area that is worse at night, and hip pain with prolonged walking or stair climbing. This increase in muscle, along with the aerobic fat burning, is the only legitimate way to reduce cellulite. 1. Sprint: 1 step at a. Severe pain, spasms, bruising and swelling. Does climbing stairs reduce hips? Stair climbing is a low-impact, high-intensity exercise that can really get your heart pumping. Lie on your back and bend both knees while keeping your feet flat on the floor. 4 Not A Full-Body Workout. 17 calories to 0. The more calories you burn, the less fat your body stores, especially in fatty areas, like your butt and thighs. Pain can also spread, or radiate, down your thigh. Keeping your feet flat on the floor and your back. Hill Runs or Stair-climbing. Execute 25 bench triceps dips. Bend both knees and let the heel of your back foot rise up. Step 1. 4 per 100 adults over age 55. 2 Bursitis 1. There are various ways to work these muscles: using stepping machines at a gym. ‌ Stand barefoot on one leg for one minute, then switch sides. Occasional stiffness or pain is common. Climbing stairs is one of the best exercises when it comes to pure FAT BURN, strengthening the lower body, toning the butt, thighs, calves, losing inches from those love handles and belly and building great abs. Myositis. Our Aaptiv trainers bust six popular stair climber myths, so you can give it a try. How long should you run stairs? January 1, 2023 August 20, 2022 by Sandra Hearth. Does stair climbing help hips? Stair. Flex the hips and bend at the knees, keeping the knees in line with the toes. Does Walking Reduce Hips And Thighs. Does climbing stairs increase hips? Stair climbing works the thigh muscles by lifting the legs against the body weight. The objective can be achieved even by performing simple tasks like climbing stairs. For every 20 minutes of stair climbing, depending on your weight, you burn anywhere from 130 to 170 calories. In time, it can produce back problems and other core issues. It also helps prevent and reduce back and hip pain. Go up with the good, down with the bad. “The stair climber actually sculpts and tones, for lean legs and booty,” she notes. In addition to increasing upper-leg strength and improving thigh-muscle tone, stair steppers work a variety of other muscles. It works all of your hip and leg muscles, including the hip flexors, adductors and abductors, plus the quadriceps, hamstrings, glutes and calves. lean protein sources like fish, chicken, turkey, and eggs are great options. Bend your left knee to lower into a lunge, keeping your hips square and facing forward. Hip thrust. 02 /7 Calories burned. 1.